Ovarian cancer is a type of cancer that starts at or near the ovaries, which are organs in the female reproductive system. Although less common than many other cancers, ovarian cancer is a leading cause of cancer-related deaths among women.
There is currently no screening test to detect ovarian cancer and symptoms of the disease are often mistaken for other less serious conditions, making it difficult to diagnose in its early stages. Regular health checkups are key to catching ovarian cancer early, when successful treatment is more likely.
What Is Ovarian Cancer?
Cancer is a group of diseases in which abnormal cells divide uncontrollably and can spread to other parts of the body. It is caused by changes (mutations) to the DNA within our cells.
When cancer cells originate at or near the ovaries, it is called ovarian cancer. There are many different types of ovarian cancer, each with its own unique disease profile. Epithelial ovarian cancers, which start in the lining (epithelium) of the ovaries or fallopian tubes, are the most common.
What are ovaries?
The ovaries are a pair of small, almond-shaped organs in the female reproductive system. They produce eggs (ova) and make several important hormones, including estrogen and progesterone. These hormones control the menstrual cycle, support pregnancy, and influence other bodily functions, such as bone health, stress regulation and mood.
Although the term ovarian cancer gives the impression that all ovarian cancers start in the ovaries, doctors and researchers have found that ovarian cancer often originates in the fallopian tubes.
What are the fallopian tubes?
The fallopian tubes are another important part of the female reproductive system. They connect the uterus to the ovaries. The primary role of the fallopian tubes is to transport eggs from the ovaries to the uterus following ovulation. Many ovarian cancers start in the wide end of the fallopian tubes, closest to the ovaries.
Risk Factors
There is no single known cause of ovarian cancer. Anyone with ovaries and fallopian tubes is at some risk for ovarian cancer, although several factors may increase your risk of developing the disease. Key risk factors include:
Age: The risk of ovarian cancer increases as a person gets older. Over time, cells become damaged and accumulate random genetic mutations, making it more likely for cancer to develop. Ovarian cancer is most commonly diagnosed in women 50 years of age or older, although it can happen at any age.
Family history; Having a family history of ovarian, breast or colorectal cancer, particularly in a close relative, can increase the risk for ovarian cancer.
Genetic mutations: Certain inherited genetic mutations, such as BRCA1 and BRCA2, significantly increase a person's risk of developing ovarian cancer. Other genetic syndromes, such as Lynch syndrome, can also elevate risk.
Reproductive history: Women who have never had a full-term pregnancy may be at higher risk for ovarian cancer. By contrast, women who have had multiple pregnancies or who have used oral contraception (birth control pills) may be at reduced risk.
Endometriosis: Women with a history of endometriosis, in which tissue similar to the lining of the uterus grows in other parts of the body, may have a higher risk for certain types of ovarian cancer.
Obesity: Obesity increases the risk for several types of cancer, including ovarian cancer.
Key Message: Having one or more of these risk factors does not guarantee that a person will develop ovarian cancer and some women with ovarian cancer do not have any of these risk factors. Going for regular checkups with your healthcare provider is the best way to manage your risk and monitor your health.
Symptoms
Ovarian cancer is often described as a "silent" disease. In its early stages, ovarian cancer may not present any noticeable signs or symptoms. The symptoms of ovarian cancer in its later stages are also often vague and may easily be mistaken for more common (and less serious) conditions.
Understanding the warning signs of ovarian cancer may help you recognize when something is wrong. Follow up with your healthcare provider if you experience any of the following symptoms:
Bloating: It may not be unusual to experience bloating around your menstrual period or after eating certain foods, but bloating that doesn't go away is a common symptom of ovarian cancer. You may feel pressure in your pelvis or abdomen or experience swelling in these areas.
Pain in the abdomen, pelvis or lower back: Pain associated with ovarian cancer may feel different from person to person, and the specific source of that pain may also vary. As tumours grow, they can place pressure on other parts of the body, such as the colon, bladder, or spine, causing pain and discomfort.
Changes in your bathroom habits: Ovarian cancer may cause changes in your bowel or urinary patterns. Common symptoms include constipation, diarrhea, and increased frequency and urgency of urination.
Appetite changes: Some people with ovarian cancer may experience a loss of appetite. Others may feel full after eating only a small amount. Indigestion, nausea or vomiting after eating may also occur. These changes can lead to unintended weight loss.
Vaginal bleeding or discharge: Ovarian cancer can cause abnormal vaginal bleeding or discharge, including heavy bleeding, and bleeding between periods. If you are postmenopausal, talk to your healthcare provider if you experience vaginal bleeding.
Early Detection Is Key
Unlike some other cancers, there is currently no screening test to detect ovarian cancer early. However, your doctor can check for ovarian cancer with several tests, including a pelvic exam, a transvaginal ultrasound, or a blood test. Regular wellness checks are key to catching ovarian cancer early when successful treatment is more likely.
To book an appointment with our primary care team, contact us at moma@mushkegowuk.ca or 705-269-6662.